毛主席在《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》中指出：“ 在社会主义社会中，基本的矛盾仍然是生产关系和生产力之间的矛盾，上层建筑和经济基础之间的矛盾。 ”这些矛盾表现为：“ 社会主义生产关系已经建立起来，它是和生产力的发展相适应的；但是，它又还很不完善，这些不完善的方面和生产力的发展又是相矛盾的。除了生产关系和生产力发展的这种又相适应又相矛盾的情况以外，还有上层建筑和经济基础的又相适应又相矛盾的情况。 ”
Chairman Mao pointed out in "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions among the People ": In socialist society the basic contradictions are still those between the relations of production and the productive forces and between the superstructure and the economic base. " These contradictions are manifested as:“ socialist relations of production have been established and are in correspondence with the growth of the productive forces, but these relations are still far from perfect, and this imperfection stands in contradiction to the growth of the productive forces. Apart from correspondence as well as contradiction between the relations of production and the growth: of the productive forces, there is correspondence as well as contradiction between the superstructure and the economic base. ”
毛主席在谈到社会主义制度时又说：“ 总而言之，中国属于社会主义国家。解放前跟资本主义差不多。现在还实行八级工资制，按劳分配，货币交换，这些跟旧社会没有多少差别。所不同的是所有制变更了。 ”“ 我国现在实行的是商品制度，工资制度也不平等，有八级工资制，等等。这只能在无产阶级专政下加以限制。所以，林彪一类如上台，搞资本主义制度很容易。 ”
When talking about the socialist system, Chairman Mao said: "“ In a word, China is a socialist country. Before liberation she was much the same as a capitalist country. Even now she practices an eight-grade wage system, distribution according to work and exchange through money, and in all this differs very little from the old society. What is different is that the system of ownership has been changed. ” “ Our country at present practices a commodity system, the wage system is unequal, too, as in the eight-grade wage scale, and so forth. Under the dictatorship of the proletariat such things can only be restricted. Therefore, if people like Lin Piao [Lin Biao] come to power, it will be quite easy for them to rig up the capitalist system. ”
毛主席在社会主义革命时期，深刻地分析了社会主义社会的阶级关系，在马克思主义的发展史上第一次明确提出在生产资料所有制的社会主义改造基本完成以后，还存在阶级和阶级斗争，作出了资产阶级就在共产党内的科学论断，提出了无产阶级专政下继续革命的伟大理论。这个伟大理论，打破了长期以来政治经济学领域的唯心论和形而上学观点，给了形形色色的修正主义观点以沉重的打击，使社会主义政治经济学焕发出革命的青春，把它推进到了一个崭新的历史阶段。
During the period of the socialist revolution, Chairman Mao profoundly analyzed the class relations in the socialist society, and for the first time in the history of the development of Marxism, he clearly pointed out that after the socialist transformation of the ownership of the means of production was basically completed, there was still a class and class struggle, made a scientific conclusion that the bourgeoisie was just within the Communist Party, and put forward a great theory of continuing the revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat. This great theory has broken the idealistic and metaphysical viewpoints in the field of political economy for a long time, dealt a heavy blow to all kinds of revisionist viewpoints, and made socialist political economy coruscate a revolutionary youth. pushed it to a new historical stage.
毛主席的伟大理论向我们指明，社会主义生产关系决不是僵死的、凝固的、一成不变的，而是如同历史上其他生产关系一样，是一个极其生动极其丰富的矛盾运动的过程。刚刚从资本主义母胎中产生出来的社会主义生产关系，是一种不成熟的共产主义生产关系。它一分为二，既有生长着的共产主义因素，又有衰亡着的表现为资产阶级法权的资本主义传统或痕迹。它们一面互相对立，一面互相联结，由此而构成了社会主义生产关系和生产力、上层建筑和经济基础的矛盾运动的特点。这种矛盾运动，集中表现为无产阶级和资产阶级之间的矛盾和斗争，特别是集中表现为无产阶级和执政的共产党内资产阶级之间的矛盾和斗争。无产阶级要最终消灭资产阶级和其他一切剥削阶级，消灭一切阶级和阶级差别，必须坚持对资产阶级的全面专政，坚持无产阶级专政下的继续革命。
Chairman Mao’s great theory points out to us that socialist relations of production are by no means rigid, solidified and immutable, but, like other relations of production in history, is an extremely vivid and rich process of contradictory movement. The socialist relations of production, which have just emerged from the capitalist mother’s womb, are immature communist relations of production. It is divided into two, with both growing communist factors and declining capitalist traditions or traces of bourgeois legal power. On the one hand, they are opposed to each other and connected with each other, thus forming the characteristics of the contradictory movement between socialist relations of production and productive forces, superstructure and economic foundation. This contradictory movement is mainly manifested in the contradictions and struggles between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, especially between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie in the ruling Communist Party. If the proletariat wants to finally eliminate the bourgeoisie and all other exploiting classes and eliminate all class and class differences, it must adhere to the total dictatorship of the bourgeoisie and the continued revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat.
社会主义政治经济学只有在批判修正主义、摆脱唯心论和形而上学影响的斗争中才能沿着马克思主义的轨道前进。它的基本任务是，依据马克思主义、列宁主义、毛泽东思想的基本理论，联系生产力和上层建筑，分析社会主义生产关系的产生、发展和转变为共产主义生产关系的运动规律，分析新资产阶级特别是党内资产阶级形成、发展和灭亡的过程，阐明无产阶级专政下阶级斗争的规律和特点，帮助干部从资产阶级影响、修正主义影响下解放出来，从民主革命进行社会主义革命。
Socialist political economy can advance along the track of Marxism only in the struggle to criticize revisionism and get rid of the influence of idealism and metaphysics. Its basic task is to analyze the law of the emergence and development of socialist relations of production and its transformation into communist relations of production according to the basic theories of Marxism, Leninism and Mao Zedong thought, by connecting productive forces and superstructure. Analyze the process of the formation, development and demise of the new bourgeoisie, especially the inner-party bourgeoisie, and clarify the laws and characteristics of class struggle under the dictatorship of the proletariat. To help cadres liberate from the influence of the bourgeoisie and revisionism and carry out a socialist revolution from the democratic revolution.
现在放在读者面前的这本书，是按照上述要求编写的一个尝试。这本书已经数易其稿了。但是，当我们这次修改脱稿以后，回头重读一遍，就强烈地感到这本书并没有达到上述要求。从字面上看来，似乎一切应该涉及的问题都涉及了，而且力图运用马克思主义的世界观对社会主义的经济运动进行辩证的分析，但是严格检查起来，本书存在的弱点仍然随处可见。
The book now before the reader is an attempt to write in accordance with the above requirements. The book has been revised many times. However, after the revised version was finalized and reread, we felt strongly that the book did not meet the above requirements. Literally, it seems that all the issues that should be involved are involved, and we try to use Marxist world outlook to make a dialectical analysis of the socialist economic movement, but when examined strictly, the weaknesses in this book can still be seen everywhere.
社会主义政治经济学严重受到唯心论和形而上学的影响，凡数十年。这种影响，本书也没有完全摆脱。本书对于社会主义经济运动，还存在着按照事物的外部标志来分类，而不是按照事物的内部联系来分类的情况。从本书的体系结构中，从本书对社会主义生产关系各个范畴的分析中，都可以看出五十年代苏联出版的政治经济学教科书的烙印。经济范畴是现实的经济关系的理论表现。它们同现实的经济关系一样，始终处在对立统一的运动中，政治经济学应该分析它们各自的既互相对立又互相联结的运动，分析对立的双方各自依据何种条件向着相反的方面转化，得出革命的结论。但是，回过头来检查，我们的一些分析还是肤浅的，有些地方还是停留在事物的外部，并没有从事物的内在联系中说明事物的运动，没有深入分析在何种条件下共产主义因素将要战胜资本主义的传统或痕迹，在何种条件下资本主义的传统或痕迹将要泛滥起来淹没共产主义因素。我们要继续努力学习马克思主义，向着真正掌握唯物论和辩证法的方向努力。
Socialist political economy has been seriously influenced by idealism and metaphysics for decades. This kind of influence, this book has not completely got rid of. For the socialist economic movement, this book also classifies things according to the external signs of things, rather than according to the internal relations of things. From the system structure of this book and from its analysis of various categories of socialist relations of production, we can see the imprint of the political and economic textbooks published by the Soviet Union in the 1950s. Economic category is the theoretical expression of realistic economic relations. Like the realistic economic relations, they are always in the movement of unity of opposites. Political economy should analyze their respective movements that are both opposite and connected to each other, and analyze the conditions on which the opposing sides are transformed to the opposite side. draw the conclusion of the revolution. However, looking back, some of our analysis is still superficial, some places still stay on the outside of things, and do not explain the movement of things from the internal relations of things. there is no in-depth analysis of the conditions which communist factors under will prevail over capitalist traditions or traces, and under what conditions capitalist traditions or traces will flood to drown communist factors. We should continue to study Marxism and work towards the direction of truly mastering materialism and dialectics.
从理论和实际的结合上说明社会主义经济的运动规律，是社会主义政治经济学的职责所在。马克思说：“ 研究必须充分地占有材料，分析它的各种发展形式，探寻这些形式的内在联系。只有这项工作完成以后，现实的运动才能适当地叙述出来。 ”我们占有一些材料，但远不是充分的。在已经占有的材料中，分析它的各种发展形式，探寻这些形式的内在联系，也做得很不够。在叙述的过程中，读者将会发现概念加举例的情况。概念加举例，跟从理论和实际的结合上说明问题，是大不相同的。这种情况，反映了我们的理论脱离实际的程度。毛主席教导我们：“ 我们要从国内外、省内外、县内外、区内外的实际情况出发，从其中引出其固有的而不是臆造的规律性，即找出周围事变的内部联系，作为我们行动的向导。而要这样做，就须不凭主观想象，不凭一时的热情，不凭死的书本，而凭客观存在的事实，详细地占有材料，在马克思列宁主义一般原理的指导下，从这些材料中引出正确的结论。这种结论，不是甲乙丙丁的现象罗列，也不是夸夸其谈的滥调文章，而是科学的结论。这种态度，有实事求是之意，无哗众取宠之心。这种态度，就是党性的表现，就是理论和实际统一的马克思列宁主义的作风。 ”用毛主席的这个对我们党内的那种理论脱离实际的作风的批评，来批评本书，是最恰切不过的了。用毛主席倡导的树立理论和实际统一的马克思列宁主义的作风，来鞭策我们继续努力，又是多么的亲切呵！
It is the duty of socialist political economy to explain the law of movement of the socialist economy from the combination of theory and practice. Marx said: " The [inquiry] has to appropriate the material in detail, to analyze its different forms of development, to trace out their inner connection . Only after this work is done, can the actual movement be adequately described. " we have some material, but it is far from sufficient. In the material already possessed, it is not enough to analyze its various forms of development and explore the inner connections of these forms. In the process of narration, readers will find concepts and examples. Concepts and examples are very different from the combination of theory and practice. This situation reflects the degree to which our theory is divorced from reality. Chairman Mao taught us: " We should proceed from the actual conditions inside and outside the country, the province, county or district, and derive from them, as our guide to action, laws which are inherent in them and not imaginary, that is, we should find the internal relations of the events occurring around us. And in order to do that we must rely not on subjective imagination, not on momentary enthusiasm, not on lifeless books, but on facts that exist objectively; we must appropriate the material in detail and, guided by the general principles of Marxism-Leninism, draw correct conclusions from it. Such conclusions are not mere lists of phenomena in A, B, C, D order or writings full of platitudes, but are scientific conclusions. Such an attitude is one of seeking truth from facts and not of currying favour by claptrap. It is the manifestation of Party spirit, the Marxist-Leninist style of uniting theory and practice. " is the most appropriate way to criticize this book with Chairman Mao’s criticism of our party’s style of theory divorced from reality. How kind it is to use the Marxist-Leninist style of theory and practice advocated by Chairman Mao to spur us to continue our efforts!
文风问题，也是政治经济学的一个重要问题。资产阶级政治经济学要欺骗群众，往往晦涩难懂，这是不足为奇的。马克思主义政治经济学则不然。它要宣传群众，一定要通俗易懂、生动活泼。马克思、恩格斯、列宁和毛主席的著作为我们树立了光辉的榜样。这种马克思列宁主义的文风，在苏联经济学教科书中是找不到的，这同教科书的作者们深受形而上学思想的束缚有密切的联系。至于当代苏修的经济学，反映了资产阶级垂死阶段的精神状态，其文风比较资产阶级上升时期的经济学那就更加恶劣了。本书力图反映的是生气勃勃的无产阶级的精神状态，应该具有生动活泼新鲜有力的马克思列宁主义的文风，自不待言。但是在这一点上，也未能尽如人意。本书的文风，也反映出没有完全摆脱形而上学的影响，往往枯燥、呆板。要使全书具有生动活泼新鲜有力的马克思列宁主义的文风，需要花很大的气力。
The issue of writing style is also an important issue in political economy. It is not surprising that bourgeois political economy is often obscure to deceive the masses. Marxist political economy is not the case. If it wants to publicize the masses, it must be easy to understand and lively. The works of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Chairman Mao set a brilliant example for us. This Marxist-Leninist style of writing cannot be found in Soviet economics textbooks, which is closely related to the fact that the authors of the textbooks are deeply bound by metaphysical ideas. As for the economics of the contemporary Soviet revisionists, it reflects the dying state of mind of the bourgeoisie, and its writing style is even worse than the economics of the rising period of the bourgeoisie. This book tries to reflect the spirit of the vibrant proletariat and should have a lively, fresh and powerful Marxist-Leninist style of writing, needless to say. But at this point, it is not entirely satisfactory. The writing style of this book also reflects that it is not completely free from the influence of metaphysics and is often boring and rigid. It takes a lot of effort to make the whole book have a lively, fresh and powerful Marxist-Leninist style.
我们在初步解剖了本书的主要弱点之后，就感到这本书没有完成自己提出的任务。我们应该从头学起，应该从头做起。但是，不破不立，不塞不流，不止不行。这是事物的发展规律，也是社会主义政治经济学的发展规律。本着这个目的，我们还是决定将这本书付印，听取各方面的意见，以便在读者的批判中进一步鞭策我们前进。我们深信，在我国亿万工农兵努力学习和掌握马克思主义、列宁主义、毛泽东思想的今天，在如此生动丰富的中国革命和世界革命环境中，经过集体的努力，是完全可以编写出一本坚持马克思主义、批判修正主义、摆脱唯心论和形而上学的社会主义政治经济学来的。在这项巨大的工程中，本书如果能作为一块铺路石子发生作用，那就是我们的最大愿望了。
After a preliminary analysis of the main weaknesses of the book, we feel that the book has not fulfilled its own task. We should learn from the beginning; we should start from the beginning. But, without destruction there can be no construction, get rid of the old to leave the place for the new. This is not only the law of the development of things, but also the law of the development of socialist political economy. For this purpose, we decided to print this book and listen to the opinions of all parties, so as to further spur us forward in the criticism of our readers. We are convinced that today, when hundreds of millions of workers, peasants and soldiers in our country are working hard to study and master Marxism, Leninism, and Mao Zedong thought, and through collective efforts in such a vivid and rich environment of the Chinese revolution and the world revolution, it is entirely possible to compile a socialist political economy that adheres to Marxism, criticizes revisionism, and gets rid of idealism and metaphysics. In this huge project, if this book can act as a paving stone, that is our greatest wish.
《社会 主义政治经济学》编写小组
一九七六年九月·上海
The working Group for the compilation of the Political Economy of Socialism
September 1976.
Shanghai
